| Football is the name given to a number of
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| | villages, involving an unlimited number
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| different, but related, team sports. The
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| | of players on opposing teams, who would
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| most popular of these world-wide is
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| | clash in a heaving mass of people
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| association football (also known as
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| | struggling to drag an inflated pig's
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| soccer). The English word "football" is
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| | bladder by any means possible to markers
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| also applied to American football,
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| | at each end of a town (sometimes instead
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| Australian rules football, Canadian
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| | of markers, the teams would attempt to
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| football, Gaelic football, rugby football
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| | kick the bladder into the balcony of the
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| (rugby union and rugby league), and
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| | opponents' church). There is no evidence
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| related games. Each of these codes
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| | to support the legend that these games in
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| (specific sets of rules) is to a greater
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| | England evolved from a more ancient and
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| or lesser extent referred to as
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| | bloody ritual of kicking the "Dane's
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| "football" and sometimes "footy" by its
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| | head". Shrovetide games have survived
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| followers.
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| | into the modern era in a number of
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| These games involve:a large spherical or
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| | English towns (see below).
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| prolate spheroid ball, which is itself
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| | The first detailed description of
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| called a football.a team scoring goals
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| | football in England was given by William
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| and/or points, by moving the ball to an
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| | FitzStephen in about 1174-1183. He
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| opposing team's end of the field and
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| | described the activities of London youths
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| either into a goal area, or over a
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| | during the annual festival of Shrove
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| line.the goal and/or line being defended
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| | Tuesday:
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| by the opposing team.players being
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| | After lunch all the youth of the city go
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| required to move the ball mostly by
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| | out into the fields to take part in a
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| kicking and - in some codes - carrying
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| | ball game. The students of each school
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| and/or passing the ball by hand.goals and
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| | have their own ball; the workers from
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| or points resulting from players putting
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| | each city craft are also carrying their
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| the ball between two goalposts.offside
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| | balls. Older citizens, fathers, and
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| rules, in most codes, restricting the
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| | wealthy citizens come on horseback to
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| movement of players.in some codes, points
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| | watch their juniors competing, and to
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| are mostly scored by players carrying the
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| | relive their own youth vicariously: you
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| ball across the goal line.in most codes
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| | can see their inner passions aroused as
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| players scoring a goal must put the ball
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| | they watch the action and get caught up
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| either under or over a crossbar between
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| | in the fun being had by the carefree
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| the goalposts.players in some codes
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| | adolescents.[3]
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| receiving a free kick after they take a
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| | Most of the very early references to the
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| mark/make a fair catch.
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| | game speak simply of "ball play" or
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| Many of the modern games have their
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| | "playing at ball". This reinforces the
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| origins in England, but many peoples
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| | idea that the games played at the time
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| around the world have played games which
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| | did not necessarily involve a ball being
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| involved kicking and/or carrying a ball
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| | kicked.
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| since ancient timesWhile it is widely
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| | In 1314 , Nicholas de Farndone, Lord
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| believed that the word "football" (or
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| | Mayor of London issued a decree banning
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| "foot ball") originated in reference to
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| | football (in the French used by the
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| the action of a foot kicking a ball,
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| | English upper classes at the time. A
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| there is a rival explanation, which has
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| | translation reads: "[f]orasmuch as there
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| it that football originally referred to a
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| | is great noise in the city caused by
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| variety of games in medieval Europe,
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| | hustling over large foot balls [rageries
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| which were played on foot.[1] These games
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| | de grosses pelotes de pee] in the fields
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| were usually played by peasants, as
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| | of the public from which many evils might
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| opposed to the horse-riding sports often
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| | arise which God forbid: we command and
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| played by aristocrats. While there is no
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| | forbid on behalf of the king, on pain of
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| conclusive evidence for this explanation,
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| | imprisonment, such game to be used in the
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| the word football has always implied a
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| | city in the future." This is the earliest
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| variety of games played on foot, not just
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| | reference to football.
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| those that involved kicking a ball. In
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| | The earliest mention of a ball game that
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| some cases, the word football has even
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| | involves kicking was in 1321, in
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| been applied to games which have
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| | Shouldham, Norfolk: "[d]uring the game at
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| specifically outlawed kicking the ball
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| | ball as he kicked the ball, a lay friend
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| Throughout the history of mankind, the
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| | of his... ran against him and wounded
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| urge to kick at stones and other such
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| | himself".[4].
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| objects is thought to have led to many
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| | In 1363, King Edward III of England
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| early activities involving kicking and/or
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| | issued a proclamation banning
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| running with a ball. Football-like games
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| | "...handball, football, or hockey;
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| predate recorded history in all parts of
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| | coursing and cock-fighting, or other such
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| the world, and thus the earliest forms of
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| | idle games", showing that "football" -
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| football are not knownDocumented evidence
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| | whatever its exact form in this case -
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| of what is possibly the oldest activity
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| | was being differentiated from games
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| resembling football can be found in a
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| | involving other parts of the body, such
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| Chinese military manual written during
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| | as handball.
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| the Warring States Period in about the
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| | King Henry IV of England gives the
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| 476 BC-221 BC. It describes a practice
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| | earliest documented use of the English
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| known as cuju, which involved kicking a
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| | word "football", in 1409, when he issued
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| leather ball through a hole in a piece of
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| | a proclamation forbidding the levying of
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| silk cloth strung between two 30 foot
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| | money for "foteball".[5]
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| poles.
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| | There is also an account in Latin from
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| Kemari being played at the Tanzan Shrine,
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| | the end of the 15th century of football
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| Sakurai, Japan.Another Asian ball-kicking
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| | being played at Cawston, Nottinghamshire.
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| game, which was influenced by cuju, is
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| | This is the first description of a
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| kemari. This is known to have been played
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| | "kicking game" and the first description
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| within the Japanese imperial court in
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| | of dribbling: "[t]he game at which they
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| Kyoto from about 600 AD. In kemari
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| | had met for common recreation is called
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| several people stand in a circle and kick
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| | by some the foot-ball game. It is one in
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| a ball to each other, trying not to let
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| | which young men, in country sport, propel
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| the ball drop to the ground (much like
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| | a huge ball not by throwing it into the
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| keepie uppie). The game appears to have
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| | air but by striking it and rolling it
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| died out sometime before the mid-19th
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| | along the ground, and that not with their
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| century. (It was revived in 1903, and it
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| | hands but with their feet... kicking in
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| can now be seen played for the benefit of
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| | opposite directions" The chronicler gives
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| tourists at a number of festivals.)
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| | the earliest reference to a football
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| Mesoamerican ballgames played with rubber
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| | field, stating that: "[t]he boundaries
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| balls are also well-documented as
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| | have been marked and the game had
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| existing since before this time, but
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| | started.[6]
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| these had more similarities to basketball
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| | Other firsts in the mediæval and early
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| or volleyball, and since their influence
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| | modern eras:
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| on modern football games is minimal, most
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| | "a football", in the sense of a ball
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| do not class them as football.
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| | rather than a game, was first mentioned
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| The Ancient Greeks and Romans are known
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| | in 1486.[7] This reference is in Dame
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| to have played many ball games some of
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| | Juliana Berners' Book of St Albans. It
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| which involved the use of the feet. The
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| | states: "a certain rounde instrument to
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| Roman writer Cicero describes the case of
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| | play with ...it is an instrument for the
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| a man who was killed whilst having a
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| | foote and then it is calde in Latyn 'pila
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| shave when a ball was kicked into a
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| | pedalis', a fotebal." [8]a pair of
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| barber's shop. The Roman game harpastum
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| | football boots was ordered by King Henry
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| is believed to have been adapted from a
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| | VIII of England in 1526. [9]women playing
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| team game known as "επισκ...ρος"
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| | a form of football was in 1580, when Sir
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| (episkyros) or pheninda that is mentioned
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| | Philip Sidney described it in one of his
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| by Greek playwright, Antiphanes
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| | poems: "[a] tyme there is for all, my
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| (388-311BC) and later referred to by
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| | mother often sayes, When she, with skirts
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| Clement of Alexandria. These games
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| | tuckt very hy, with girles at football
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| appears to have resembled rugby.
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| | playes."[10]the first references to goals
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| There are a number of references to
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| | are in the late 16th and early 17th
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| traditional, ancient, and/or prehistoric
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| | centuries. In 1584 and 1602 respectively,
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| ball games, played by indigenous peoples
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| | John Norden and Richard Carew referred to
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| in many different parts of the world. For
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| | "goals" in Cornish hurling. Carew
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| example, in 1586, men from a ship
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| | described how goals were made: "they
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| commanded by an English explorer named
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| | pitch two bushes in the ground, some
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| John Davis, went ashore to play a form of
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| | eight or ten foote asunder; and directly
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| football with Inuit (Eskimo) people in
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| | against them, ten or twelue [twelve]
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| Greenland.[2] There are later accounts of
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| | score off, other twayne in like distance,
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| an Inuit game played on ice, called
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| | which they terme their Goales".[11] He is
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| Aqsaqtuk. Each match began with two teams
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| | also the first to describe goalkeepers
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| facing each other in parallel lines,
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| | and passing of the ball between
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| before attempting to kick the ball
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| | players.the first direct reference to
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| through each other team's line and then
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| | scoring a goal is in John Day's play The
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| at a goal. In 1610, William Strachey of
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| | Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green (performed
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| the Jamestown settlement, Virginia
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| | circa 1600; published 1659): "I'll play a
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| recorded a game played by Native
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| | gole at camp-ball" (an extremely violent
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| Americans, called Pahsaheman. In
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| | variety of football, which was popular in
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| Victoria, Australia, indigenous people
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| | East Anglia). Similarly in a poem in
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| played a game called Marn Grook ("ball
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| | 1613, Michael Drayton refers to "when the
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| game"). An 1878 book by Robert
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| | Ball to throw, And drive it to the Gole,
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| Brough-Smyth, The Aborigines of Victoria,
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| | in squadrons forth they goe". The word
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| quotes a man called Richard Thomas as
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| | "football", when used in reference to a
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| saying, in about 1841, that he had
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| | specific game can mean any one of those
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| witnessed Aboriginal people playing the
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| | described above. Because of this, much
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| game: "Mr Thomas describes how the
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| | friendly controversy has occurred over
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| foremost player will drop kick a ball
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| | the term football, primarily because it
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| made from the skin of a possum and how
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| | is used in different ways in different
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| other players leap into the air in order
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| | parts of the English-speaking world. Most
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| to catch it." It is widely believed that
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| | often, the word "football" is used to
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| Marn Grook had an influence on the
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| | refer to the code of football that is
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| development of Australian rules football
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| | considered dominant within a particular
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| (see below).
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| | region.
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| These games and others may well go far
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| | Globally, and not necessarily in native
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| back into antiquity and may have
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| | English speaking countries, the word
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| influenced later football games. However,
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| | "football" usually refers to association
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| the main sources of modern football codes
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| | football as this is the most widely
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| appear to lie in western Europe,
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| | played code of football. The name
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| especially England.
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| | "soccer" (or "soccer football") was
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| The Middle Ages saw a huge rise in
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| | originally a slang abbreviation of
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| popularity of annual Shrovetide football
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| | association football and is now the
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| matches throughout Europe, particularly
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| | prevailing term in the United States,
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| in England. The game played in England at
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| | Canada, Australia and New Zealand where
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| this time may have arrived with the Roman
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| | other codes of football are dominant.
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| occupation, but there is little evidence
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| | Of the 45 national FIFA affiliates in
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| to indicate this. Reports of a game
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| | which English is an official or primary
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| played in Brittany, Normandy, and
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| | language, only three (Canada, Samoa and
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| Picardy, known as La Soule or Choule,
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| | the United States) actually use "soccer"
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| suggest that some of these football games
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| | in their organizations' official names,
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| could have arrived in England as a result
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| | while the rest use football (although the
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| of the Norman Conquest.
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| | Samoan Federation actually uses both).
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| An illustration of mob football.These
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| | However, in some countries, such as
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| archaic forms of football, typically
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| | Australia and New Zealand, use of the
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| classified as "mob football", would be
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| | word "football" by soccer bodies is a
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| played between neighbouring towns and
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| | recent change and has been controversial.
|
