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Foot Ball or Soccer

Football is the name given to a number of villages, involving an unlimited number
different, but related, team sports. The of players on opposing teams, who would
most popular of these world-wide is clash in a heaving mass of people
association football (also known as struggling to drag an inflated pig's
soccer). The English word "football" is bladder by any means possible to markers
also applied to American football, at each end of a town (sometimes instead
Australian rules football, Canadian of markers, the teams would attempt to
football, Gaelic football, rugby football kick the bladder into the balcony of the
(rugby union and rugby league), and opponents' church). There is no evidence
related games. Each of these codes to support the legend that these games in
(specific sets of rules) is to a greater England evolved from a more ancient and
or lesser extent referred to as bloody ritual of kicking the "Dane's
"football" and sometimes "footy" by its head". Shrovetide games have survived
followers. into the modern era in a number of
These games involve:a large spherical or English towns (see below).
prolate spheroid ball, which is itself The first detailed description of
called a football.a team scoring goals football in England was given by William
and/or points, by moving the ball to an FitzStephen in about 1174-1183. He
opposing team's end of the field and described the activities of London youths
either into a goal area, or over a during the annual festival of Shrove
line.the goal and/or line being defended Tuesday:
by the opposing team.players being After lunch all the youth of the city go
required to move the ball mostly by out into the fields to take part in a
kicking and - in some codes - carrying ball game. The students of each school
and/or passing the ball by hand.goals and have their own ball; the workers from
or points resulting from players putting each city craft are also carrying their
the ball between two goalposts.offside balls. Older citizens, fathers, and
rules, in most codes, restricting the wealthy citizens come on horseback to
movement of players.in some codes, points watch their juniors competing, and to
are mostly scored by players carrying the relive their own youth vicariously: you
ball across the goal line.in most codes can see their inner passions aroused as
players scoring a goal must put the ball they watch the action and get caught up
either under or over a crossbar between in the fun being had by the carefree
the goalposts.players in some codes adolescents.[3]
receiving a free kick after they take a Most of the very early references to the
mark/make a fair catch. game speak simply of "ball play" or
Many of the modern games have their "playing at ball". This reinforces the
origins in England, but many peoples idea that the games played at the time
around the world have played games which did not necessarily involve a ball being
involved kicking and/or carrying a ball kicked.
since ancient timesWhile it is widely In 1314 , Nicholas de Farndone, Lord
believed that the word "football" (or Mayor of London issued a decree banning
"foot ball") originated in reference to football (in the French used by the
the action of a foot kicking a ball, English upper classes at the time. A
there is a rival explanation, which has translation reads: "[f]orasmuch as there
it that football originally referred to a is great noise in the city caused by
variety of games in medieval Europe, hustling over large foot balls [rageries
which were played on foot.[1] These games de grosses pelotes de pee] in the fields
were usually played by peasants, as of the public from which many evils might
opposed to the horse-riding sports often arise which God forbid: we command and
played by aristocrats. While there is no forbid on behalf of the king, on pain of
conclusive evidence for this explanation, imprisonment, such game to be used in the
the word football has always implied a city in the future." This is the earliest
variety of games played on foot, not just reference to football.
those that involved kicking a ball. In The earliest mention of a ball game that
some cases, the word football has even involves kicking was in 1321, in
been applied to games which have Shouldham, Norfolk: "[d]uring the game at
specifically outlawed kicking the ball ball as he kicked the ball, a lay friend
Throughout the history of mankind, the of his... ran against him and wounded
urge to kick at stones and other such himself".[4].
objects is thought to have led to many In 1363, King Edward III of England
early activities involving kicking and/or issued a proclamation banning
running with a ball. Football-like games "...handball, football, or hockey;
predate recorded history in all parts of coursing and cock-fighting, or other such
the world, and thus the earliest forms of idle games", showing that "football" -
football are not knownDocumented evidence whatever its exact form in this case -
of what is possibly the oldest activity was being differentiated from games
resembling football can be found in a involving other parts of the body, such
Chinese military manual written during as handball.
the Warring States Period in about the King Henry IV of England gives the
476 BC-221 BC. It describes a practice earliest documented use of the English
known as cuju, which involved kicking a word "football", in 1409, when he issued
leather ball through a hole in a piece of a proclamation forbidding the levying of
silk cloth strung between two 30 foot money for "foteball".[5]
poles. There is also an account in Latin from
Kemari being played at the Tanzan Shrine, the end of the 15th century of football
Sakurai, Japan.Another Asian ball-kicking being played at Cawston, Nottinghamshire.
game, which was influenced by cuju, is This is the first description of a
kemari. This is known to have been played "kicking game" and the first description
within the Japanese imperial court in of dribbling: "[t]he game at which they
Kyoto from about 600 AD. In kemari had met for common recreation is called
several people stand in a circle and kick by some the foot-ball game. It is one in
a ball to each other, trying not to let which young men, in country sport, propel
the ball drop to the ground (much like a huge ball not by throwing it into the
keepie uppie). The game appears to have air but by striking it and rolling it
died out sometime before the mid-19th along the ground, and that not with their
century. (It was revived in 1903, and it hands but with their feet... kicking in
can now be seen played for the benefit of opposite directions" The chronicler gives
tourists at a number of festivals.) the earliest reference to a football
Mesoamerican ballgames played with rubber field, stating that: "[t]he boundaries
balls are also well-documented as have been marked and the game had
existing since before this time, but started.[6]
these had more similarities to basketball Other firsts in the mediæval and early
or volleyball, and since their influence modern eras:
on modern football games is minimal, most "a football", in the sense of a ball
do not class them as football. rather than a game, was first mentioned
The Ancient Greeks and Romans are known in 1486.[7] This reference is in Dame
to have played many ball games some of Juliana Berners' Book of St Albans. It
which involved the use of the feet. The states: "a certain rounde instrument to
Roman writer Cicero describes the case of play with ...it is an instrument for the
a man who was killed whilst having a foote and then it is calde in Latyn 'pila
shave when a ball was kicked into a pedalis', a fotebal." [8]a pair of
barber's shop. The Roman game harpastum football boots was ordered by King Henry
is believed to have been adapted from a VIII of England in 1526. [9]women playing
team game known as "επισκ...ρος" a form of football was in 1580, when Sir
(episkyros) or pheninda that is mentioned Philip Sidney described it in one of his
by Greek playwright, Antiphanes poems: "[a] tyme there is for all, my
(388-311BC) and later referred to by mother often sayes, When she, with skirts
Clement of Alexandria. These games tuckt very hy, with girles at football
appears to have resembled rugby. playes."[10]the first references to goals
There are a number of references to are in the late 16th and early 17th
traditional, ancient, and/or prehistoric centuries. In 1584 and 1602 respectively,
ball games, played by indigenous peoples John Norden and Richard Carew referred to
in many different parts of the world. For "goals" in Cornish hurling. Carew
example, in 1586, men from a ship described how goals were made: "they
commanded by an English explorer named pitch two bushes in the ground, some
John Davis, went ashore to play a form of eight or ten foote asunder; and directly
football with Inuit (Eskimo) people in against them, ten or twelue [twelve]
Greenland.[2] There are later accounts of score off, other twayne in like distance,
an Inuit game played on ice, called which they terme their Goales".[11] He is
Aqsaqtuk. Each match began with two teams also the first to describe goalkeepers
facing each other in parallel lines, and passing of the ball between
before attempting to kick the ball players.the first direct reference to
through each other team's line and then scoring a goal is in John Day's play The
at a goal. In 1610, William Strachey of Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green (performed
the Jamestown settlement, Virginia circa 1600; published 1659): "I'll play a
recorded a game played by Native gole at camp-ball" (an extremely violent
Americans, called Pahsaheman. In variety of football, which was popular in
Victoria, Australia, indigenous people East Anglia). Similarly in a poem in
played a game called Marn Grook ("ball 1613, Michael Drayton refers to "when the
game"). An 1878 book by Robert Ball to throw, And drive it to the Gole,
Brough-Smyth, The Aborigines of Victoria, in squadrons forth they goe". The word
quotes a man called Richard Thomas as "football", when used in reference to a
saying, in about 1841, that he had specific game can mean any one of those
witnessed Aboriginal people playing the described above. Because of this, much
game: "Mr Thomas describes how the friendly controversy has occurred over
foremost player will drop kick a ball the term football, primarily because it
made from the skin of a possum and how is used in different ways in different
other players leap into the air in order parts of the English-speaking world. Most
to catch it." It is widely believed that often, the word "football" is used to
Marn Grook had an influence on the refer to the code of football that is
development of Australian rules football considered dominant within a particular
(see below). region.
These games and others may well go far Globally, and not necessarily in native
back into antiquity and may have English speaking countries, the word
influenced later football games. However, "football" usually refers to association
the main sources of modern football codes football as this is the most widely
appear to lie in western Europe, played code of football. The name
especially England. "soccer" (or "soccer football") was
The Middle Ages saw a huge rise in originally a slang abbreviation of
popularity of annual Shrovetide football association football and is now the
matches throughout Europe, particularly prevailing term in the United States,
in England. The game played in England at Canada, Australia and New Zealand where
this time may have arrived with the Roman other codes of football are dominant.
occupation, but there is little evidence Of the 45 national FIFA affiliates in
to indicate this. Reports of a game which English is an official or primary
played in Brittany, Normandy, and language, only three (Canada, Samoa and
Picardy, known as La Soule or Choule, the United States) actually use "soccer"
suggest that some of these football games in their organizations' official names,
could have arrived in England as a result while the rest use football (although the
of the Norman Conquest. Samoan Federation actually uses both).
An illustration of mob football.These However, in some countries, such as
archaic forms of football, typically Australia and New Zealand, use of the
classified as "mob football", would be word "football" by soccer bodies is a
played between neighbouring towns and recent change and has been controversial.




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