| The Laws of the Game are based on efforts
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| | remain to be played, and the fourth
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| made in the mid-19th century to
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| | official then signals this to players and
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| standardise the rules of the widely
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| | spectators by holding up a board showing
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| varying games of football played at the
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| | this number.
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| independent schools of England. The first
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| | Note that there is often semantic debate
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| set of rules resembling the modern game
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| | as to whether the referee is "adding on"
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| were produced at Trinity College,
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| | time to the end of a half, or rather
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| Cambridge in 1848, at a meeting attended
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| | treating time during stoppages as though
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| by representatives from Eton, Harrow,
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| | it never existed as part of the match
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| Rugby, Winchester and Shrewsbury, but
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| | time; this distinction has little bearing
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| they were far from universally adopted.
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| | on the practical conduct of a game,
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| During the 1850s, many clubs were formed,
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| | however it may be noted that the pre-1997
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| throughout the English-speaking world,
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| | wording of the laws stated that the
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| independent of schools or universities,
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| | referee "shall ... allow the full or
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| to play various forms of football. Some
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| | agreed time adding thereto all time lost
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| came up with their own distinct codes of
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| | through injury or accident" (Law V), and
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| rules, most notably the Sheffield
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| | later FIFA guidelines regarding the
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| Football Club (formed by former pupils
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| | annotation of goal scoring times
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| from Harrow) in 1857, which led to
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| | suggested that time is indeed "added-on"
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| formation of a Sheffield FA in 1867. In
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| | to the end of the agreed half period.
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| 1862, John Charles Thring of Uppingham
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| | Extra time and shootouts In some
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| School also devised an influential set of
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| | competitions if a game is tied at the end
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| rules.
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| | of regulation time it may go into extra
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| Players and equipment Each team consists
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| | time, which consists of two further
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| of a maximum of eleven players (excluding
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| | 15-minute periods. If the score is still
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| substitutes), one of whom must be the
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| | tied after extra time, some competitions
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| goalkeeper.
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| | allow the use of penalty shootouts (known
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| Competition rules may state a minimum of
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| | officially in the Laws of the Game as
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| seven players are required to constitute
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| | "kicks from the penalty mark") to
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| a team. There are a variety of positions
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| | determine which team will progress to the
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| in which the outfield players are
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| | next stage of the tournament. Note that
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| strategically placed by a manager/coach,
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| | goals scored during extra time periods
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| though these positions are not defined or
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| | count towards the final score of the
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| required by the Laws.
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| | game, unlike kicks from the penalty mark
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| One player on each team must be
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| | which are only used to decide the team
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| designated as that team's goalkeeper. The
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| | that progresses to the next part of the
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| goalkeeper is the only player allowed to
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| | tournament (with goals scored not making
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| handle the ball with his hands or arms,
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| | up part of the final score).
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| but is restricted to doing so within the
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| | Competitions utilizing two-leg stages
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| penalty area (also known as the "box" or
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| | (i.e. where each round involves the two
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| "18 yard box") in front of his own goal.
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| | teams playing each other twice) may
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| The basic equipment players are required
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| | utilise the so-called away goals rule to
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| to wear includes a shirt (or jersey),
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| | attempt to determine which team
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| shorts, socks (or stockings), footwear
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| | progresses in the event of the teams
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| and adequate shin guards. Players are
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| | being equal on wins; however, should
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| forbidden to wear or use anything that is
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| | results still be equal following this
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| dangerous to themselves or another player
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| | calculation kicks from the penalty mark
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| (including jewellery or watches).
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| | are usually required. Other competitions
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| A number of players may be replaced by
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| | may require a tied game to be replayed.
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| substitutes during the course of the
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| | Golden and silver goal experiments In the
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| game. The maximum substitutions permitted
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| | late 1990s, the IFAB experimented with
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| in international games and in national
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| | ways of making matches more likely to end
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| level leagues are three, though
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| | without requiring kicks from the penalty
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| substitution numbers may be varied in
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| | mark, which were often seen as an
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| other leagues. The usual reasons for a
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| | undesirable way to end a match.
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| player's replacement include injury,
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| | These involved rules ending a game in
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| tiredness, ineffectiveness, a tactical
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| | extra time early, either when the first
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| switch, or to waste a little time at the
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| | goal in extra time was scored (golden
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| end of a finely poised game. In standard
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| | goal), or at the end of the first period
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| adult matches, a player who has been
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| | of extra time if one team was by then
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| substituted may not take further part in
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| | leading (silver goal). Both these
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| the match.
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| | experiments have been discontinued by
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| Officials A game is presided over by a
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| | IFAB.
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| referee, who has "full authority to
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| | Golden goal was used at the World cup in
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| enforce the Laws of the Game in
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| | 2002 (Japan-South Korea), and silver goal
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| connection with the match to which he has
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| | was used in Euro 2004 (Portugal).
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| been appointed" (Law 5), and whose
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| | Fouls and misconduct A foul occurs when a
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| decisions regarding facts connected with
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| | player commits a specific offence listed
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| play are final. The referee is assisted
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| | in the Laws of the Game when the ball is
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| by two assistant referees (formerly
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| | in play. The offences that constitute a
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| called linesmen). In many high-level
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| | foul are listed in Law 12. "Penal fouls",
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| games there is also a fourth official,
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| | for example handling the ball, tripping
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| who assists the referee and may replace
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| | an opponent, pushing an opponent, etc,
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| another official should the need arise.
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| | are punishable by a direct free kick or
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| Playing field The length of the field
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| | penalty kick depending on where the
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| (pitch) for international adult matches
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| | offence occurred. Other fouls are
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| should be in the range 100-110m (110-120
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| | punishable by an indirect free kick.
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| yards) and the width should be in the
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| | Misconduct may occur at any time, and may
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| range 64-75m (70-80 yards).
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| | be committed by both players and
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| The longer boundary lines are touch
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| | substitutes. Whilst the offences that
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| lines, while the shorter boundaries (on
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| | constitute misconduct are listed, the
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| which the goals are placed) are goal
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| | definitions are broad. In particular, the
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| lines. On the goal line at each end of
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| | offence of "unsporting behaviour" may be
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| the field is a goal. The inner edges of
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| | used to deal with most events that
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| the goal posts must be 7.32m (8 yards)
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| | violate the spirit of the game, even if
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| apart, and the lower edge of the crossbar
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| | they are not listed as specific offences.
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| must be 2.44m (8 feet) above the ground.
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| | Misconduct may be punished by a caution
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| Nets are usually placed behind the goal,
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| | (yellow card) or sending-off (red card).
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| though are not required by the Laws.
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| | Recently, there have been problems in
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| In front of each goal is an area of the
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| | professional football leagues because of
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| field known as the penalty area
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| | the problem known as 'diving' or
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| (colloquially "penalty box", "18 yard
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| | 'simulation'. This is the wilful falling
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| box" or simply "the box"). This area
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| | over of a player in order to win a
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| consists of the area formed by the
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| | free-kick or penalty when little or no
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| goal-line, two lines starting on the
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| | contact has been made between the two
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| goal-line 16.5m (18 yards) from the
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| | players. This poses a dilemma for
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| goalposts and extending 18 yards into the
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| | officials who are trying to conduct a
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| pitch from the goal-line, and a line
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| | fair game. In response, 'simulation' has
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| joining these. This area has a number of
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| | been defined as 'unsporting behaviour'
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| important functions, the most prominent
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| | and therefore is now a bookable offense.
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| being to denote where the goalkeeper may
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| | Advantage The advantage clause states
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| handle the ball and where a foul by a
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| | that the referee should allow play to
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| defender which would usually punished by
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| | continue — i.e. not stop play — when
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| a direct free kick becomes punishable by
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| | the team against which an offence has
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| a penalty kick.
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| | been committed will benefit from having
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| Duration Standard durations A standard
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| | play continue. The referee may "call
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| adult football match consists of two
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| | back" play and penalise the original
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| periods (known as halves) of 45 minutes
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| | offence if the anticipated advantage does
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| each. There is usually a 15-minute break
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| | not ensue within a short period of time,
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| between halves, known as half time. The
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| | typically taken to be four to five
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| end of the match is known as full-time.
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| | seconds.
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| Time added on The referee is the official
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| | Even if an offence is not penalised due
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| timekeeper for the match, and it is part
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| | to application of the advantage clause
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| of his duties to make allowance for time
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| | the offender may still be sanctioned for
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| lost through substitutions, injured
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| | any associated misconduct at the next
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| players requiring attention, cautions and
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| | stoppage of play.
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| dismissals, sundry time wasting, etc.
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| | Offside The offside law limits the
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| When making such an allowance for time
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| | ability of attacking players to remain
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| lost, the referee is often said to be
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| | forward (i.e.
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| "adding time on"; the added time is
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| | closer to the opponent's goal-line) of
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| commonly referred to as stoppage time or
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| | both the ball and the second last
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| injury time. The amount of time is at the
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| | defending player. It is often assumed
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| sole discretion of the referee, and the
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| | that the purpose of this law is to
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| referee alone signals when the match has
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| | prevent "goal scrounging" or "cherry
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| been completed. There are no other
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| | picking", but in fact the offside law has
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| timekeepers, although assistant referees
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| | similar roots to the offside law in
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| carry a watch and may provide a second
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| | rugby. The details and application of
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| opinion if requested by the referee. In
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| | this law are complex, and often result in
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| matches where a fourth official is
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| | controversy: for more information on
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| appointed, towards the end of the half
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| | offside please refer to the main article
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| the referee will signal how many minutes
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| | above.
|
